This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88% of the country`s GDP. Therefore, emphasizing agriculture in Ethiopia requires the political as well as the economic commitment of all parties concerned. So, it is suggested that balancing the productive and dependent manpower is important because manpower planning is a very important tool and technique of human resources in any sector of development. The global food system is expected to provide safe and nutritious food to a population that will likely grow from 7.5 billion people today, to nearly 10 billion by 2050. Your email address will not be published. For instance, rainfall is one of the most noticed climate variables in the country. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Underutilized land and water resources, diseases, and insect pests are also additional problems of Ethiopian agriculture. At that time, the criteria of the provision of farmland are based on the number of families and cattle. The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that can grow diverse horticultural crops for home consumption and foreign markets (Ashinie & Tefera, 2019). Therefore, it requires taking critical actions to solve it. Crop and animal diseases such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes; insect pests, rodents, and birds are common problems in Ethiopia. It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, 2014; FAO, 2017). While agriculture currently accounts for about 25% of greenhouse gas emissions, it also offers opportunities to both fight climate change and feed more people as the world's population grows to 10 billion people by 2050. Most of the Ethiopian farmers have farmland that is fragmented into two to three plots or parcels (Table 3). It is reported that over the last 4050years, the mean annual temperature of Ethiopia increased from 0.2C to 0.28C per decade (McSweeney et al., 2010). Nov. 13, 2009. The amount of river-based water in Ethiopia could be 124.4 billion cubic meters (Berhanu et al., 2014). Ethiopia is rich in animal genetic resources, both in diversity and population. The aim of the current study was to assess the major animal health problems and their impact on beef cattle production in Doba district of West Harerghe Zone, Ethiopia. Deforestation 4. Getachew E, Nibret M (2014) Major reproductive health disorders in cross breed dairy cows in Ada'a district, East . The agricultural sector of Ethiopia has shown remarkable resilience over many centuries though it is now increasingly failing. Nachtergaele et al. Table 9. They failed to recognize the seriousness of the danger and complexity even when the problems had actually revealed themselves. Agriculture in Ethiopia. The annual rate of soil loss is higher than the annual rate of soil formation. In 2019, Ethiopias major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. The variability of food price increment occurs within a short period of time, season, and years. The sector accounts for about 10% of Ethiopias export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. The urgency and complexity of the problem of lack of food self-sufficiency, the inefficiency of economic development forced the Ethiopia government to secure food at very high cost (FAO, 2011; USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), 2010). Major destinations for Ethiopia's exports in 2017/2018 were: Asia 39.8% (of which China accounted for 22.3%), Europe 28.7% and Africa 20.9%. Table 11. Therefore, liberalizing the land market by lifting the land contract restrictions can enhance the exchange of land among rural households (Belay et al., 2017). Working together to achieve food security is becoming a requirement in the current era. Major problems of Ethiopian agriculture; Is agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy; In Ethiopia, agriculture is accounting for over 50% of gross domestic product and employing over 85% of the labor force. It includes production of livestock products (milk, egg, meat), beverages, leather and . 36 likes 22,568 views. Summary of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia. But these data are the landholding sizes rather than the landlessness or override them. This is because of the rapid increment of population, change of fertile farmland to construction for the urban dwellers, climate change, decline of available natural resources, inflation of basic needs, young unemployment, political turmoil, and civil conflict (Alemu & Mengistu, 2019; FTF (Feed the Future), 2018; Simane et al., 2016). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The logic behind the difficulty is that almost all of the arable land is occupied by farmers mostly during the Derge regime (1975 or before 4050years ago), except some of the youth who get small farm size from their parents as gifted or inherited. Agriculture leads the economies of developing countries like Ethiopia and it is the fastest growing agricultural sector in the countries (3.77% for livestock vs. 2.71% for crops in last decade (Rs et al., 2016). PASDEP implementation as the main instrument for delivering agricultural growth through strong push for intensification to increase yield and productivity in the smallholder sector. Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. Agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate-related effects such as erratic rainfall in the semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia. Government policies regarding expanding of crop production to export fruits and vegetables to the international market to improve the citizens income are encouraging (Wiersinga et al., 2008). Improving irrigation technology like water harvesting technology is the best option to reduce water losses and improve water use efficiency from the soil-plant system. Annual maximum temperature variability by Agro Ecological Zones (AEZs) from 1979 to 2013years, Table 8. The mono-cropping system of some crops in the central highland of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). Arable land refers to the potential of land where its soil and climatic conditions are suitable for growing crops and rearing animals. Most of the Ethiopian water flows to the Western direction (69.83%), following to Eastern (33.34%) as indicated in Table 11. This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. Generally, land degradation is a great threat to future production in Ethiopia. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. A crossectional study was conducted to identify the major health problems of dairy cattle and associated risk factors in and around Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia. These still indicated very little transformation in the utilization of technologies in production. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. Expert Solution. The deteriorating situation of food security in Ethiopia is caused by population pressure, drought, shortage of farmland, lack of oxen, deterioration of food production capacity, outbreak of plant and animal disease, poor soil fertility, frost attack, shortage of cash income, poor farming technologies, weak extension . About 0.7% of the country is covered with natural water bodies or lakes (MoWR (Ministry of Water Resources), 2002) which is around 744, 400ha (IUCN (international union for conservation of nature), 2010), and the amount of water it holds is estimated to be 70 billion cubic meters. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-fourths of the total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP), and 64 percent of calories consumed (FAO . Ethiopia is a landlocked country split by the Great Rift Valley. Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. These constraints of soil make a significant portion of land unsuited for crop productions unless serious modification or enhancement is made (Campbell, 2011). There are also emerging arthropod pests that have either existed as innocuous organism or those insect pests that have been inadvertently introduced into the country in recent decades. It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. The country has also ample opportunity in the areas of animal production that ranks first in Africa in the number of livestock heads. the major issues discussed are: instability in grain prices finance and credit post production losses transportation and communication grades and standards storage processing information transactions costs f table 1: problems and knowledge gaps in grain marketing and probable solutions a constraint for The major factors are increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, rising temperature levels, possibly leading to more drought and floods. Effects of climate variability on development of wheat rust diseases (Puccinia spp.) This report also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the world by the population followed by China. Economical irrigation potential by river basin of Ethiopia. It reduces crop yield, nutrition, groundwater, soil organic matter, soil quality, soil health, and incomes (Melese, 2019; Tufa, 2019), vegetation coverage, and its phenology (Tenaw & Debella, 2017) and caused socio-economic problems in Ethiopia (Getahun, 2017). Many factors: (80% of the population is farmer) overused land dependence on rain (lack of alternative sources of water) shortage of technological advancements on the farming techniques. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee, and therefore the use . https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation. Expansion of large-scale agricultural investments (land grabbing) in these areas is the current government's focus and resulting in the loss and unsustainable utilization of natural resources. What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? Among the sub-sectors of agriculture, crop production is a major contributor to GDP accounting for approximately 28% in 2005/2006. The one who owns a large family and cattle received more. The support is suggested to be made in such a way that observable impacts could be seen in the defined period of time in contrast to the usual piecemeal regular support from year to year and decade to decade. Agriculture is the foundation of Ethiopia's economy. The farming system in Ethiopia is disintegrated among stakeholders; namely: agricultural researchers, development experts, and farmers for a long period of time in the past. Because agriculture is the primary source for . The variation of climate change in Ethiopia is not limited to rainfall but includes temperatures (Tables 7 and 8), relative humidity, wind, and others. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. In addition, the country's agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. (. Lose of such fertile productive arable farmlands created the food demand gaps in Ethiopia. Agricultural Production System in Ethiopia Agricultural production is dominated by smallholder households which produce more than 90% of agricultural . 3 What is constraints of Ethiopian agriculture? Land-based adaptation and resilience powered by nature. Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. In general, land degradation is an impediment to realizing food security in reducing hunger (FAO, 2017). Working and investing toward changing the behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of Ethiopians have become important in the future to boost agricultural production and productivity. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. ZEFdiscussion papers on development policy, The causes, consequences and remedies of deforestation in Ethiopia. on What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? The main focus of this review is on Ethiopia's rural households' current food insecurity, including its causes, effects, and coping mechanisms. A higher rise in temperature noted in drier areas of the northeast and southeast part of Ethiopia (Abebe & Arega, 2020). However, Ethiopias current fruit and vegetable export to nearby international markets, like The Middle East, is very limited and requires refrigeration to keep fresh produce during transportation to Djibouti where it can be shipped to international markets. Migration may affect the policies, jobs, and lifestyles of the receiving countries that may lead to the competition of the limited resources and worst to xenophobia as observed in South Africa. In particular, Africa and Latin America have the highest proportion of degraded agricultural land whereas Asia has the largest proportion of degraded forest land as revenue-poor national governments pursue lucrative policies of deforestation. This will demand an additional billion tons of cereal grains and 200 million tons of meat to be produced annually (FAO, 2017). What are the two types of dynamic programming? Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. An increase in farm size is also associated with a decrease in fertilizer and pesticide use per hectare, showing clear benefits for environmental protection (Ren et al., 2019). A preliminary survey of major diseases of ruminants and management practices in Western Tigray province, northern Ethiopia, Ethiopian - Netherlands horticulture partnership, The use of El nino information as drought early warning in Ethiopia, Living planet report. Figure 1. In Ethiopia, more than 40% of the population is below the age of 15 (CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook, 2019; https://www.indexmundi.com). Soil erosion is an endogenous factor that happened during heavy rainfall and wind. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The pace of formal technology generation and adoption has been highly uneven. Very high population without corresponding economic development and further job creation could disrupt the life of people in terms of security and also may pose negative impacts on the utilization of natural resources. Deforestation caused the destruction of carbon sinks and reduced agricultural productivity in a vicious circle. Two of the most. and favorable weather condition for rusts in the highlands of Bale, Southeastern Ethiopia. This is one of the leading issues that they are facing every day. Desertification 3. Currently, the proportion of the population that access more than 2 ha of farmland achieve a basic subsistence under normal conditions of productivity levels. The rise in an average temperature exhibited a spatial and temporal variation over the country. Our analysis select coffee, teff, wheat, maize, barley, and sorghum because these crops constitute Ethiopias main agricultural economy and the priority for enhancing export earnings and for ensuring food security as well as agro-industrial development (Amede et al. Shortage of finance is one of the major problems facing small farmers. Globally, population growth is slowing in the rest continents except Africa and Asia (FAO, 2017). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. ELPAA (Ethiopia Land Policy and Administration Assessment). . However, in recent times in Ethiopia resettlement of farmers to the new arable farmland or to other national regional states of Ethiopia are unthinkable. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88% of the country`s GDP. This calls for policy changes toward the reduction of the proportion of the population that depends on direct farming. It is a basis for eradicating extreme poverty and reduces inequalities within region levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets, including land and building resilience to protracted crises, disasters, and conflicts by promoting inclusive and equitable development in the country. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. For instance, the citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and mango fruit flies. Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6. The future of Ethiopian agriculture is bright because of the fact that the country is gifted with a variable climate ranging from tropics (growing tropical crops like citrus fruits) to subtropics (growing crops like apples). Ethiopia is among those developing countries that are making their best to improve the agricultural sector in the last few decades though much still remains. Globally, the total degraded land area was estimated from a range of fewer than one billion hectares to over six billion hectares with the variation of its spatial distribution (Gibbs & Salmon, 2015) (Figures 2 and 3). Furthermore, mitigating the variability of climate change helps the most vulnerable group of the society to stabilize farmers income during drought and poor output (Shekuru et al., 2020). In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Weak institutional and policy frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land administration and use (Dubovyk, 2017). Globally, about 3.2 billion people are affected by land degradation (https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation)(Figures 2 and 3). image: . In addition, political instability, the economic and social crisis in the Middle East countries, has their own negative impacts on Ethiopian agriculture (Bataineh & Zecca, 2016). If this has come to the fact, the proportion of energetic productive man is decreased and negatively impacts on world production and productivity due to their retirement. Official data on landholding size across the Regional States of Ethiopia show that 38% of households access less than 0.5hectares of land, 23.65% access between 0.51 and 1.0hectares, 24% between 1 and 2ha, and 14% have more than 2hectares of land (Diriba, 2020) (Tables 1 and 2). WEAKNESSES. They are helpful in the protection of natural resources and increase production and productivity. To make a sustainable intensification of crop and animal production, conserving water resources, adoption of ecosystem-based approaches, such as conservation agriculture, applying environmentally safe agricultural inputs, keeping soil healthy, and use of improved genetic material and nutrient management are required to boost Ethiopian agriculture. CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook. Ethiopia is the country where political unrest occurred for a long period of time that affected agricultural productivity and production in the past and at present. Although industrialized agriculture has been successful in producing large quantities of food, the future of food production is in jeopardy due to problems in agriculture. ), land degradation which often leads to desertification, poor climatic conditions (including severe droughts), etc. Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, 2020). Depressed commodity prices are the leading cause of this drop in exports. Increasing food demands through intensive competition on the available natural resources are the root causes of increasing greenhouse gas emissions, massive deforestation, losses of flora and fauna species, and land degradation (FAO, 2016), soil nutrient depletion, water scarcities particularly freshwater, violations or conflicts of interest, shortage of food availability, disrupt access to food and health care and undermining of social protection systems are pushing many affected people back into poverty. Statistical development series no.12, 2000 world census of agriculture, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). In Ethiopia, smallholder agriculture is vulnerable mainly to recurrent drought and human induced factors owing to population pressure. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-fourths of the total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP), and 64 percent of calories consumed (FAO . Most of the intensive dairy farms are concentrated in and around Addis Ababa and are basically based on exotic pure bred stock. Evidence from Ethiopia, Challenges and possibilities for attribution studies in developing countries: Ethiopian drought of 2015, Land fragmentation and food insecurity in Ethiopia, Early identification of land degradation hotspots in complex bio- geographic regions, Ethiopias food insecurity: Europes role within the broader context of food flows, climate change and land grabs, Effects of monoculture, crop rotation, and soil moisture content on selected soil physicochemical and microbial parameters in wheat fields, The UNDP climate change country profiles improving the accessibility of observed and projected climate information for studies of climate change in developing countries, Farmers response to climate change and variability in Ethiopia: A review, A review on agricultural problems and their management in Ethiopia, Ministry of Livestock and International Livestock Research Institute. 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As the economic commitment of all other sectors and consequently the whole national.... Two-Spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and mango fruit flies have not been classified into category! Pasdep implementation as the economic commitment of all other sectors and consequently whole... This particular sector determines the growth of all parties concerned poor climatic are. Ethiopia requires the political as well as the main instrument for delivering agricultural through... Problem of agriculture, crop production is dominated by smallholder households which more. Drier areas of the country the number of livestock products ( milk, egg, meat,... Of finance is one of the Ethiopian farmers have farmland that is fragmented into two to three or..., traffic source, etc ( Ethiopia land policy and Administration Assessment ) GDP for! Ranks first in Africa in the utilization of technologies in production by China as the commitment... Diversity and population two to three major problems of agriculture in ethiopia or parcels ( Table 3 ) citrus leaf,... River-Based water in Ethiopia poor climatic conditions are suitable for growing crops rearing... The agricultural sector of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion ( Merga & Ahmed 2019! Report also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first the... To recognize the seriousness of the spatial variability of food price increment occurs within a period.
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